WFO score metrics included:

  • Share of on-site workers: Up to 10 WFO points were awarded for the percentage of a city’s population listed as working on-site, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. A city’s WFO score for its share of on-site workers and its WFH score for its share of remote workers are inversely proportional and always add up to 10. For example, Tallahassee — the city with the highest on-site worker share across all cities — received 10 points for its share of on-site workers and zero points for its share of remote workers. West Palm Beach — the city with the next-highest on-site worker share — received 9.8 points and 0.2 points, respectively, and so on.
  • Housing value to household income ratio: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded inversely proportional with the ratio between median housing value in a city and that city’s median household income for owner-occupied units. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Quality office space (Class A/A+): Up to 5 WFO points were awarded for the share of office space listed as Class A or A+ out of the city’s total office inventory. This metric only includes properties larger than 25,000 square feet completed by the end of 2023 and with a primary use type listed as office. Data source: CommercialEdge.
  • Mixed-use office buildings: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded for the share of mixed-use office properties out of the total number of office properties in a city. Mixed-use office buildings also contain a different class of commercial real estate, most commonly retail space. This metric only includes properties larger than 25,000 square feet that were completed by the end of 2023 and with a primary use type listed as office. Data source: CommercialEdge.
  • Office parking availability: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded for the ratio of total office parking spaces per 1,000 square feet of office space in a city. This metric only includes properties larger than 25,000 square feet that were completed by the end of 2023 and with a primary use type listed as office. Data source: CommercialEdge.
  • Commute time: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded inversely proportional with the mean one-way commute time for on-site workers in the city. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Average public transit fare: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded inversely proportional with the minimum cost of a one-way public transportation trip with no deductions or surcharges. Data source: American Public Transportation Association.
  • City amenities & establishments: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded for the number of amenities, venues and establishments in a city that can encourage or support working from the office rather than from home per 100,000 residents. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns. Amenities and establishments supporting or encouraging on-site work were defined as:
    • NAICS code 4451: Grocery and Convenience Retailers
    • NAICS code 4452: Specialty Food Retailers
    • NAICS code 4561: Health and Personal Care Retailers
    • NAICS code 6111: Elementary and Secondary Schools
    • NAICS code 6244: Child Care Services
    • NAICS code 7121: Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions
    • NAICS code 7131: Amusement Parks and Arcades
    • NAICS code 7139: Other Amusement and Recreation Industries
    • NAICS code 7225: Restaurants and Other Eating Places
  • Unemployment rate: Up to 5 WFO points were awarded inversely proportional with a city’s unemployment rate as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Note: A city’s unemployment rate awarded it the same points in both the WFH and WFO scores.